安装 Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) 之后

# 感谢 Huxuan 的来稿，原文地址。

曾经心血来潮写过一个 Ubuntu 的配置教程，还美其名曰《邂逅Ubuntu》系列，后来 Ubuntu 更新了，GNOME 也变成了gnome shell ，但是教程再也没更新过（惭愧不已）。适逢 Ubuntu 12.04 刚更新不久，简单记录下配置的流程。

本文主要记录了安装Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise) 之后的配置美化过程，主要包含：

1. 配置软件源；
2. 安装配置gnome shell取代unity；
3. 安装相关软件；
4. 配置杂项。

配置软件源

 我的策略是教育网一组，公网一组，官网一组，其次主要考虑地理位置和具体连接的速度。
教育网推荐是使用清华、北交、上交的（其一即可），公网推荐sohu（中国官方源）、163的（同样选择其一）。

# /etc/apt/sources.list
# tsinghua
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

# # bjtu
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
# deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
# deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

# sohu (official China)
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# # 163
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# official
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse

# official security
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse

# canonical partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner

# official extras
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

配置好之后记得更新升级

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

# 安装配置gnome shell

之前折腾过Arch、Gentoo、Mint、Deepin都是因为Ubuntu换了unity，也算因祸得福，学到了很多东西，现在可以兼容了，当然果断上之。
安装基本桌面

sudo apt-get install gnome-shell # gnome shell 桌面
sudo apt-get install gnome-tweak-tool # 高级配置工具

# 安装图标和GTK主题

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:tiheum/equinox # 添加图标主题PPA
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:satyajit-happy/themes # 添加GTK主题PPA
sudo apt-get update # 更新软件源
sudo apt-get install faenza-icon-theme faience-icon-theme # 两款Icon theme
sudo apt-get install evolve-gtk-theme orion-gtk-theme # 两款 GTK theme

我选择的Icon theme是Faience，Window theme和GTK+ theme都是Evolve

# 安装gnome shell extension

可以通过PPA和网站两种方式安装，主要还是个人喜好和需要，通过gnome-tweak-tool进行设置即可，这里只列出作者使用的部分
通过PPA安装

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/gnome3 # 添加PPA
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions # 官方插件
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-extensions-weather # 天气插件
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-system-monitor # 非官方系统监控插件，扩展性很强
sudo apt-get install gnome-shell-classic-systray # 移动所有底边信息栏图标至顶部

通过GNOME Extensions网站安装

https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/112/remove-accesibility/

需要注意 user-themes 插件可能有问题，导致gnome-tweak-tool无法打开或者打开报错，通过以下两条命令可以解决

sudo cp ~/.local/share/gnome-shell/extensions/[email protected]/schemas/org.gnome.shell.extensions.user-theme.gschema.xml /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/
sudo glib-compile-schemas /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas

# 安装gnome shell theme

我有点洁癖，不喜欢下载安装，因为不方便更新，但暂时还未发现包含很合意的gnome shell theme的PPA，可以关注一下Satya的PPA（之前安装GTK主题时已经添加了）。我已经邮件和作者联系过了，确定还会维护更新的，就是需要等等。我现在安装的是London Smoke Gnome-Shell，作为暂时的选择。

安装相关软件

 此部分列举了本人会用到的软件包，因根据个人需要选择

sudo apt-get install ibus ibus-googlepinyin # ibus输入法 和 谷歌拼音输入法
sudo apt-get install chromium-browser # Chromium 浏览器
sudo apt-get install flashplugin-installer # flash 插件
sudo apt-get install gnome-mplayer # 视频播放器
sudo apt-get install gimp # PhotoShop 替代品
sudo apt-get install pidgin xchat # 多协议聊天
sudo apt-get install xchat # irc聊天
sudo apt-get install libreoffice # office
sudo apt-get install stardict # 翻译辞典
sudo apt-get install gtg # GTD 工具
sudo apt-get install bleachbit # 系统清洁
sudo apt-get install skype # skype
sudo apt-get install axel # 命令行下载
sudo apt-get install pastebinit # 命令行下上传文本至 pastebin
sudo apt-get install dia # 图表 (UML) 制作
sudo apt-get install synergy # 多电脑共享键鼠
sudo apt-get install vim # 神编辑器
sudo apt-get install git # git 版本控制
sudo apt-get install mercurial # hg 版本控制
sudo apt-get install subversion # svn 版本控制
sudo apt-get install bzr bzrtools # bzr 版本控制
sudo apt-get install octave # Matlab 替代品
sudo apt-get install python-dev python-pip # python dev pip
sudo apt-get install apache2 # apache 服务器
sudo apt-get install nginx # nginx 服务器
sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client # mysql 数据库

sudo apt-get install proxychains # 命令行代理
# 配置好proxychains (/etc/proxychains.conf) 之后即可顺利安装dropbox
sudo proxychains apt-get install nautilus-dropbox # dropbox 文件同步

此外还有MongoDB数据库和指纹识别fprint的安装，可以进入对应页面查看详情

配置杂项

 # 安装更新语言包

“System Settings” -> “Language Support”，在”Install / Remove Languages…” 中选择安装 “Chinese (simplified)” 和 “English”
最下方的输入法选择中选择ibus

# 配置字体

安装中文语言包之后会安装相应中文字体，通过gnome-tweak-tool即可配置。我一直比较喜欢使用文泉驿的微黑（WenQuanYi Micro Hei），等宽字体也使用WenQuanYi Micro Hei Mono

# 修改Chromium标题栏按钮位置问题

由于Unity的缘故，Chromium标题栏按钮会显示在左边，通过以下命令（其一）可以解决

# 让标题栏只有关闭按钮
gconftool-2 –set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout –type string “:close”
# 让标题栏包含常规的最小化、最大化和关闭按钮
gconftool-2 –set /apps/metacity/general/button_layout –type string “:minimize,maximize,close”

在Startup Applications Preferences中显示开启启动项，默认情况下很多启动项都没有显示，通过以下命令即可实现。

sudo sed -i ‘s/NoDisplay=true/NoDisplay=false/g’ /etc/xdg/autostart/*.desktop

其他主要是根据个人喜好修改系统和相应软件的设置。至此，基本配置完毕，欢迎交流和提出改进意见

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